|
a. |
Smoking (risk
is almost doubled) |
|
b. |
Hypertension
(risk is doubled if systolic blood pressure is >180 mm Hg) |
|
c. |
Hyperlipidemia
|
|
d. |
Impaired
glucose tolerance or diabetes mellitus |
|
e. |
Obesity
(weight>30% over ideal) |
|
f. |
Hypothyroidism (including
subclinical hypothyroidism) |
|
g. |
Left
ventricular hypertrophy (LVH) |
|
h. |
Sedentary
lifestyle, depression (in men) |
|
i. |
Postmenopause
|
|
j. |
Cocaine use
(Cocaine is used by more than 5 million Americans regularly and is responsible
for more than 64,000 emergency department evaluations yearly to rule out
myocardial ischemia.) |
|
k. |
Low folate
levels, elevated homocysteine levels. Folate is required for conversion of
homocysteine to methionine. Hyperhomocysteinemia has a toxic effect on the
vascular endothelium and interferes with the proliferation of arterial wall
smooth muscle cells. Folate deficiency is associated with an increased risk for
fatal coronary heart disease. Elevated plasma homocysteine level is an
independent risk factor for coronary heart disease (CHD) events, especially in
patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM). Trials lowering homocysteine levels
have, however, been disappointing, because lowering therapy with folate did not
prevent cardiovascular events among patients with coronary disease.
|
|
l. |
Elevated
levels of highly sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP, cardio-CRP)
|
|
m. |
Vasculitis
|
|
n. |
Renal
dialysis. |
|
o. |
Elevated
levels of lipoprotein-associated phospholipase A2 |
|
p. |
Elevated
fibrinogen levels |
|
q. |
The
development of coronary artery calcium (CAC) is associated with an increased
risk for myocardial infarction. |
|
r. |
Chronic use
of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is associated with increased
cardiovascular risk |
|
s. |
Low level of
RBC glutathione peroxidase 1 activity.
|
