Indication |
For the management of hypertention and long-term management of patients with angina pectoris |
Pharmacodynamics |
Atenolol, a competitive beta(1)-selective adrenergic antagonist,
has the lowest lipid solubility of this drug class. Although it is
similar to metoprolol, atenolol differs from pindolol and propranolol in
that it does not have intrinsic sympathomimetic properties or
membrane-stabilizing activity. Atenolol is used alone or with
chlorthalidone in the management of hypertension and edema. |
Mechanism of action |
Like metoprolol, atenolol competes with sympathomimetic
neurotransmitters such as catecholamines for binding at
beta(1)-adrenergic receptors in the heart and vascular smooth muscle,
inhibiting sympathetic stimulation. This results in a reduction in
resting heart rate, cardiac output, systolic and diastolic blood
pressure, and reflex orthostatic hypotension. Higher doses of atenolol
also competitively block beta(2)-adrenergic responses in the bronchial
and vascular smooth muscles. |
Absorption |
Approximately 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract, the remainder being excreted unchanged in the
feces. |
Volume of distribution |
Not Available |
Protein binding |
Plasma protein binding is 6-16% |
Metabolism |
Hepatic (minimal) |
Route of elimination |
Approximately 50% of an oral dose is absorbed from the
gastrointestinal tract, the remainder being excreted unchanged in the
feces. Unlike propranolol or metoprolol, but like nadolol, atenolol
undergoes little or no metabolism by the liver, and the absorbed portion
is eliminated primarily by renal excretion. |
Half life |
6-7 hours |
Clearance |
Not Available |
Toxicity |
LD50=2000-3000 mg/kg(orally in mice). Symptoms of an
atenolol overdose include a slow heart beat, shortness of breath,
fainting, dizziness, weakness, confusion, nausea, and vomiting. |