| Indication | For lowering intraocular pressure (IOP) and may be used in patients with chronic open-angle glaucoma or ocular hypertension. |
| Pharmacodynamics | Levobunolol is an ophthalmic beta-blocker, equally effective at β(1)- and β(2)-receptor sites. Levobunolol reduces both elevated and normal IOP in patients with or without glaucoma. In patients with elevated IOP, levobunolol reduces mean IOP by approximately 25-40% from baseline. As the drug is a nonselective &beta-adrenergic blocking agent, it can produce both systemic pulmonary and cardiovascular effects following topical application to the eye. These effects include adverse pulmonary effects (eg. bronchoconstriction, increased airway resistance), and a decrease in blood pressure and heart rate. |
| Mechanism of action | Levobunolol's mechanism of action in reducing IOP is not clearly defined, but is believed to be due to a reduction of the production of aqueous humor via blockage of endogenous catecholamine-stimulated increases in cyclic adenosine monophosphate (AMP) concentrations within the ciliary processes. |
| Absorption | 80% |
| Volume of distribution | Not Available |
| Protein binding | Not Available |
| Metabolism | Hepatic |
| Route of elimination | Not Available |
| Half life | 20 hours |
| Clearance | Not Available |
| Toxicity | Bradycardia, hypotension, bronchospasm, and acute cardiac failure, LD50=700 mg/kg (orally in rat). |
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